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US sanctions become blessing in disguise for Iran’s energy sector

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US sanctions on Iran have backfired. As demonstrated by its completion of a major oil pipeline, Goreh-Jask, which bypasses the Strait of Hormuz, Tehran has turned the hardship of sanctions into a source of strength.

Shortly after the US Department of Justice announced on Monday that two million barrels of impounded Iranian oil had been sold for $110 million, a pair of suspicious fires broke out affecting Iranian infrastructure. The first, striking the country’s biggest warship, the IRIS ‘Kharg’, eventually caused the vessel to sink in the Gulf of Oman. So far, Iranian officials have offered no explanation for the blaze. The second fire hit a state-owned oil refinery near Tehran and was only extinguished after more than 20 hours.

The same day that the oil sale was announced, Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman Saeed Khatibzadeh issued a warning in reference to two Iranian vessels being monitored by the US for allegedly sailing for Venezuela – Iran’s ally that is also under onerous US sanctions. He stated that “nobody should make a miscalculation” by prohibiting Iran’s freedom of navigation in international waters.

Huge plume of black smoke towers over Tehran as major blaze breaks out at Iranian refinery

Iran’s increasing assertiveness against sanctions is proceeding alongside ongoing negotiations in Vienna, with the aim of putting the US administration of President Joe Biden back into the nuclear accord that Donald Trump summarily left in 2018 before slapping wide-ranging sanctions on Iranian commerce. In this context, the seizure of an Iranian oil shipment under the current sanctions regime evidences a woefully misguided attempt at coercion.

By continuing to enforce the oil theft allowed under Trump’s sanctions while seeking to rejoin the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), Biden’s team may either be trying to extract deeper concessions from Iran in a renewed nuclear deal or simply damaging Iran’s oil industry as much as it can before sanctions are lifted. Both are foolish ploys.

 US makes $110mn by selling seized crude, allegedly Iranian, report suggests

The reality is that harsh measures aimed at Iran’s infrastructure and resources, whether carried out under the explicit pretext of sanctions or not, have ironically stimulated the Iranians to become increasingly self-sufficient in producing and exporting their hydrocarbons – arguably the core lever of Iran’s international influence, which cannot be fully constrained by sanctions or by any renegotiated JCPOA.

The name ‘Kharg’ refers to the island in the Persian Gulf that serves as Iran’s main oil-export terminal for transshipment through the Strait of Hormuz, while the Gulf of Oman, the site of its sinking, now bears immediate strategic urgency in relation to Tehran’s bid to take more control over its oil distribution and tap the lucrative markets of East Asia.

US restrictive measures have undoubtedly bitten hard into Iran’s worldwide oil shipments – Iranian oil exports had fallen by about 90% roughly a year after President Trump withdrew from the JCPOA and imposed his “maximum pressure” campaign of sanctions targeting a range of Iranian sectors including oil, shipping, and banking.

But Iran has quietly pivoted by adeptly modifying cargo-ship data, allegedly blending Iranian oil with Iraqi oil, ramping up domestic production, and constructing a major pipeline terminating in a port on the Gulf of Oman.

The 1,000km Goreh-Jask pipeline, which has just recently started shipping oil, allows Tehran to bypass the heavily patrolled, bottlenecked Strait of Hormuz region with a route offering more direct access to customers in India and China. This fait accompli even allows Tehran to turn sanctions pressure onto the US by blockading the strait, watching the oil price rise, and profiting from the resulting windfall by shipping oil from the port of Jask. The pipeline has the capacity to transport one million barrels per day (bpd) of crude oil, which would represent nearly half of Iran’s current 2.4 million bpd production.

Punitive sanctions against the Iranian oil industry have not only backfired in their aims but have lost their justification, if they ever had any: Iran’s position as one of the world’s largest energy suppliers can, once freed from sanctions, decisively help to accelerate the post-Covid recovery of global commerce and industry.

It is currently estimated that Iran could reach four million bpd in oil production in as little as three months after sanctions are lifted. A robust uptick in global oil demand, meanwhile, spurred in considerable part by demand from China, has shot the benchmark price for Brent crude up to more than $70 per barrel, meaning that enhanced supply from Iran could be absorbed in this market of rising needs.

Iran has 69 million barrels of oil ready for when US sanctions end

Iran and China are cooperating to take full advantage of this paradigm: China is already undermining the US sanctions by purchasing one million bpd of Iran’s oil, and the two partners signed a long-term deal in March for massive Chinese investment in Iranian energy.

Meanwhile, OPEC+ leaders all but acknowledged the market’s readiness to handle full Iranian oil-export volumes when, during a summit this week, they agreed to implement a production increase of 2.1 million bpd over the spring and summer.

Petty jingoism has spurred the sanctions-enabled oil theft. Stonewalling Iran’s full energy-export capabilities is now more than ever a dangerously counterproductive tactic, amid global clamor for ready energy supplies that can galvanize post-Covid economic growth. As the global gains of an unsanctioned Iranian oil sector look increasingly inevitable, anti-Iranian measures against that sector look increasingly anachronistic.

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FINANCE

German central bank issues warning on economy

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Germany’s GDP could stagnate or even decline in the third quarter, Bundesbank has warned

The German economy has been shrinking over the past two years and will remain stagnant for the rest of the year as it continues to grapple with economic malaise, Bloomberg reported on Friday.

According to a survey conducted by the outlet, the EU’s top economy has been stalling in the three months through September, marking a deeper-than-expected decline.

Economists have already started downgrading their forecasts for this year, with some now seeing protracted stagnation or even another downturn.

“While we expect the market to see a mild recovery at the end of 2024 and in 2025, much of it will be cyclical, with downside risks remaining acute,” Martin Belchev, an analyst at FrontierView told Bloomberg.

He warned that the faltering automotive sector will further exacerbate downward pressures on growth as the top four German carmakers have seen double-digit declines.
Thousands of EU automotive jobs at risk – Bloomberg

The country’s central bank said on Thursday in its monthly report that the German economy may already be in recession. According to the Bundesbank, gross domestic product (GDP) “could stagnate or decline slightly again” in the third quarter, after a 0.1% contraction in the second quarter.

Economic sentiment in the country has suffered due to weak industrial activity, Budensbank President Joachim Nagel said on Wednesday.

“Stagnation might be more or less on the cards for full-year 2024 as well if the latest forecasts by economic research institutes are anything to go by,” he said.

German industry is struggling amid weak demand in key export markets, shortages of qualified workers, tighter monetary policy, the protracted fallout from the energy crisis, and growing competition from China, Bloomberg noted.

The Eurozone’s largest economy has been falling behind its peers over the past years, largely due to a prolonged manufacturing downturn. Germany was the only Group of Seven economy to contract in 2023.

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Thousands of EU automotive jobs at risk

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A third of the region’s major car plants are currently operating at half capacity or less, according to a report

European auto makers are facing more plant closures as they struggle to keep up with the electric vehicle (EV) transition amid slowing demand and growing competition, Bloomberg reported on Wednesday.

According to the outlet’s analysis of data from Just Auto, nearly a third of the major passenger-car plants from the five largest manufacturers – BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Stellantis, Renault and VW – were underutilized last year. The auto giants were producing fewer than half the vehicles they have the capacity to make, the figures showed.

Annual sales in Europe are reportedly around 3 million cars below pre-pandemic levels, leaving factories unfilled and putting thousands of jobs at risk.

The report pointed out that sites shutting down would add to concerns that the region is facing a protracted downturn after falling behind key competitors, the US and China.

“More carmakers are fighting for pieces of a smaller pie,” Matthias Schmidt, an independent auto analyst based near Hamburg, told Bloomberg. “Some production plants definitely will have to go,” he warned.

VW announced last week it was considering closing factories in Germany for the first time in its near nine-decade history. The automaker said it was struggling with the transition away from fossil fuels.

BMW has warned that tepid demand in China poses a further threat to sales and profits.

Volkswagen planning major cutbacks in Germany

The threat of factory closures in Europe has worsened in recent years amid skyrocketing energy prices and worker shortages that have driven up labor costs.

“Failure to turn things around would deal a blow to the region’s economy,” Bloomberg wrote, pointing out that the auto industry accounts for over 7% of the EU’s GDP and more than 13 million jobs.

Car-assembly plants often are “anchors of a community,” securing work at countless nearby businesses, from suppliers of engine parts and trucking companies to the local bakery delivering to the staff cafeteria, the report said.

Closing plants is usually “the last resort” in a region where unions and politicians have a strong hold over corporate decision-making, concluded Bloomberg.

There’s “massive consolidation pressure” for auto plants in Europe, Fabian Brandt, an industry expert for consultancy Oliver Wyman, said. “Inefficient factories will be evaluated, and there will be other kinds of plants that shut down,” he claimed.

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Global debt balloons to record highs

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It’s now $45 trillion higher than its pre-pandemic level and is expected to continue growing rapidly, a top trade body has warned

The global debt pile increased by $8.3 trillion in the first quarter of the year to a near-record high of $305 trillion amid an aggressive tightening of monetary policy by central banks, the Institute of International Finance (IIF) has revealed.

According to its Global Debt Monitor report on Wednesday, the reading is the highest since the first quarter of last year and the second-highest quarterly reading ever.

The IIF warned that the combination of such high debt levels and rising interest rates had pushed up the cost of servicing that debt, prompting concerns about leverage in the financial system.

“With financial conditions at their most restrictive levels since the 2008-09 financial crisis, a credit crunch would prompt higher default rates and result in more ‘zombie firms’ – already approaching an estimated 14% of US-listed firms,” the IIF said.

Despite concerns over a potential credit crunch following recent turmoil in the banking sectors of the United States and Switzerland, government borrowing needs to remain elevated, the finance industry body stressed.

According to the report, aging populations and rising healthcare costs continue putting strain on government balance sheets, while “heightened geopolitical tensions are also expected to drive further increases in national defense spending over the medium term,” which would potentially affect the credit profile of both governments and corporate borrowers.

“If this trend continues, it will have significant implications for international debt markets, particularly if interest rates remain higher for longer,” the IIF cautioned.

The report showed that total debt in emerging markets hit a new record high of more than $100 trillion, around 250% of GDP, up from $75 trillion in 2019. China, Mexico, Brazil, India and Türkiye were the biggest upward contributors, according to the IIF.

As for the developed markets, Japan, the US, France and the UK posted the sharpest increases over the quarter, it said.

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